Giovanni Fontana, Leonardo da Vinci and Cornelis Drebbel described or drew image projectors that had similarities to the magic lantern. Several types of projection systems existed before the invention of the magic lantern. The invention of the intensely bright electric arc lamp in the 1860s eliminated the need for combustible gases or hazardous chemicals, and eventually the incandescent electric lamp further improved safety and convenience, although not brightness. The invention of limelight in the 1820s made them even brighter. The invention of the Argand lamp in the 1790s helped to make the images brighter. Light sources Īpart from sunlight, the only light sources available at the time of invention in the 17th century were candles and oil lamps, which were very inefficient and produced very dim projected images. The first photographic lantern slides, called hyalotypes, were invented by the German-born brothers Ernst Wilhelm (William) and Friedrich (Frederick) Langenheim in 1848 in Philadelphia and patented in 1850. Many manufactured slides were produced on strips of glass with several pictures on them and rimmed with a strip of glued paper. A paper rimmed mass-produced slideĪfter 1820 the manufacturing of hand colored printed slides started, often making use of decalcomania transfers. Most handmade slides were mounted in wood frames with a round or square opening for the picture. Many slides were finished with a layer of transparent lacquer, but in a later period cover glasses were also used to protect the painted layer. Usually black paint was used as a background to block superfluous light, so the figures could be projected without distracting borders or frames.
Sometimes the painting was done on oiled paper. Initially, figures were rendered with black paint but soon transparent colors were also used. Originally the pictures were hand painted on glass slides. Stereopticons added more powerful light sources to optimize the projection of photographic slides. īiunial lanterns, with two objectives, became common during the 19th century and enabled a smooth and easy change of pictures. Some lanterns, including those of Christiaan Huygens and Jan van Musschenbroek, used three lenses for the objective. The lens adjusted to focus the plane of the slide at the distance of the projection screen, which could be simply a white wall, and it therefore formed an enlarged image of the slide on the screen. The magic lantern used a concave mirror behind a light source to direct the light through a small rectangular sheet of glass-a "lantern slide" that bore the image-and onward into a lens at the front of the apparatus. The depicted lantern is one of the oldest known preserved examples, and is in the collection of Museum Boerhaave, Leiden
Technology Apparatus A page of Willem 's Gravesande's 1720 book Physices Elementa Mathematica with Jan van Musschenbroek's magic lantern projecting a monster. The magic lantern was in wide use from the 18th century until the mid-20th century when it was superseded by a compact version that could hold many 35 mm photographic slides: the slide projector. Since the late 19th century, smaller versions were also mass-produced as toys. It was increasingly used for education during the 19th century. It was mostly developed in the 17th century and commonly used for entertainment purposes. Because a single lens inverts an image projected through it (as in the phenomenon which inverts the image of a camera obscura), slides were inserted upside down in the magic lantern, rendering the projected image correctly oriented. The magic lantern, also known by its Latin name laterna magica, is an early type of image projector that used pictures-paintings, prints, or photographs-on transparent plates (usually made of glass), one or more lenses, and a light source. For other uses, see Magic lantern (disambiguation).ġ9th century magic lantern with printed slide incorrectly inserted (upright, which would be projected by the lantern as an inverted picture ) Magic lantern slide by Carpenter and Westley This article is about the early type of image projector.
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